Habib Jalib and Marxism: A Research Study in the Context of Urdu Poetry

حبیب جالب اور مارکسزم: اردو نظم کے تناظر میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

Abstract

The Progressive Writers' Movement brought a fundamental transformation in the themes, direction, and purpose of Urdu literature by shifting its focus from romantic idealism to social reality. In contrast to the romantic tradition, progressive writers emphasized the struggles of ordinary people, highlighting issues such as poverty, inequality, exploitation, and social injustice. Influenced by socialist and Marxist thought, the movement sought to promote social consciousness and advocate for the rights of marginalized communities. Among the most influential voices of this movement was Habib Jalib, whose poetry became a powerful expression of resistance against oppression and authoritarian rule. Like Nazir Akbarabadi, Jalib wrote for the common people; however, his poetry went beyond depicting their lives by directly challenging the political elite and exposing the unequal distribution of wealth and power. Throughout his literary career, he consistently condemned social discrimination, economic exploitation, and political repression. Despite repeated imprisonment during periods of military dictatorship, Jalib remained steadfast in his commitment to truth and justice, using poetry as a means of protest and public resistance. Jalib's famous poem, "Aise Dastoor Ko, Subh-e-Be-Noor Ko, Main Nahin Manta," continues to resonate in contemporary political discourse and is frequently quoted during political movements and election campaigns as a symbol of defiance against injustice. His poetry transcends personal emotion, functioning instead as a collective voice of resistance and social transformation. This study examines the influence of Marxist thought on Habib Jalib's poetry and explores the extent to which his literary vision reflects the principles of Marxism, particularly with regard to class struggle, social equality, and opposition to exploitation.