"Evaluation of Well-Known Schools of Thought in Normative Ethics and Their Justifications"

نورمیٹوایتھکس کے معروف مکاتب فکر اور ان کے دلائل کاتقابلی جائزہ

Abstract

Normative ethics is a branch of ethical philosophy or ethics that pertains to the standards of right and wrong in ethics. It includes the formulation of ethical laws, the direct effects of which are on human actions, organizations, and ways of life, determining how they should be. Fundamentally, there are two renowned schools of thought within normative ethics: Virtue Ethics and Conduct Ethics. Virtue Ethics is a theory of ethics based on certain virtues. If a person possesses these virtues, then all their actions will be considered ethical. The proponents of this theory are three famous philosophers: Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates. According to Plato, there are four virtues or qualities: wisdom, justice, courage, and temperance. Aristotle advocates adopting the middle path. Conduct Ethics further divides into two types: Teleological Ethics and Deontological Ethics. Teleological Ethics also subdivides into three forms: Egoism, Hedonism, and Utilitarianism. Details of these will be mentioned further. In the following paragraphs, an examination of the validity of the arguments of these renowned schools of thought is being undertaken.